Updating <scp>intensity–duration–frequency</scp> curves for urban infrastructure design under a changing environment

The intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation have increased in many regions the past century due to climate change. Many studies revealed that short-duration precipitations are likely become more severe areas, thus raising a question on whether our urban infrastructures been designed adequately cope with these changes. Currently, Intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves, which summarize relationships between for different durations, recommended as criterion infrastructure design stormwater management. However, change is thought invalidated stationary assumption deriving IDF is, current curves could misevaluate future cases. Therefore, it necessary update by considering possible changes precipitation. In this review, we first observed explore physical mechanisms associated Then, introduce two major approaches updating namely covariate-based nonstationary climate-model-based curves. Advances focus review. These include investigation physically-based covariates modeling precipitation; strategies; statistical downscaling dynamic methods projecting Finally, some research challenges opportunities providing reliable projections better characterize probabilistic behavior design. This article categorized under: Engineering Water >